Why We Place Caps on Old Landfills and How It Is Done

Landfill Problems - A Landfill Site Anatomy

This article applies to all typical RCRA Subtitle C Landfill Cap Systems, and is an educational guide only read the USEPA guides before taking any action.

The placing of a sealing layer from rain over a landfill is usually done to:

* Reduce exposure on the surface of the waste landfill.
* Avert vertical penetration of water into wastes that would produce contaminated leachate.
* Confine waste while treatment is being applied.
* Keep in check gas emissions from underlying waste.
* Give rise to a soil surface that can support plant life and/or exist for added purposes.

Landfill Capping is the most widespread form of remediation as it is in general less costly than other technologies and in effect manages the human being and ecological risks coupled with a remediation location.

The strategy of landfill caps is location specific plus depends resting on the intended functions of the scheme. Landfill Caps can stretch from a one-layer system of vegetated top soil to a multifaceted multi-layer method of soils and geosynthetics. In general, a lesser amount of complex systems are necessary in arid climates and more intricate systems are required in damp climates. The material used in the building of landfill caps involve low-permeability and high-permeability soils and low-permeability geosynthetic products. The low-permeability materials divert water and avoid its passage into the garbage. The high permeability materials convey water away that percolates into the cap. Other materials can be used to enhance slope stability.

The most vital components of a landfill cap are the barrier layer and the drainage layer. The barrier layer can be low-permeability soil (clay) and/or geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs). A flexible geomembrane liner is placed resting on the barrier layer. Geomembranes are as a rule supplied in bulky rolls and are available in quite a few thickness (20 to 140 mil), widths (15 to 100 ft), and lengths (180 to 840 ft). The contender list of polymers commonly used is extensive, which includes polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylenes of a range of densities, reinforced chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE-R), polypropylene, ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA), and several newcomers. Soils used as barrier materials in the main are clays that are flattened to a hydraulic conductivity no greater than 1 x 10-6 cm/sec. Compacted soil barriers are usually installed in 6-inch minimum lifts to accomplish a thickness of 2 feet or more. A composite barrier uses together soil and a geomembrane, taking advantage of the properties of each one. The geomembrane is in effect impermeable, but, if it develops a leakage, the soil component prevents noteworthy escape into the underlying trash.

For facilities over putrescible wastes, the gathering and control of methane and carbon dioxide, powerful greenhouse gases, must be part of facility design and operation.

Concrete Cap/Asphalt

The most effective single-layer caps are composed of concrete or bituminous asphalt. It is used to construct a surface barrier sandwiched between landfill and the environment. An asphalt concrete cap would lessen leaching through the landfill into an aquifer.

Subtitle C Capping Layer

The RCRA C multilayered landfill cap is a baseline design that is recommended for use in RCRA hazardous waste applications. These caps generally consist of an upper vegetative (topsoil) layer, a drainage layer, and a low permeability layer which consists of a synthetic lining over 2 feet of compacted clay. The compacted clay liners are effective if they hold on to a specific dampness content but are inclined to cracking if the clay material is dried. As a result alternate cap designs are usually considered designed for arid environments.

D Subtitle Cap – RCRA

RCRA Subtitle D requirements are for non-hazardous garbage landfills. The design of a landfill cover for a RCRA Subtitle D facility is usually a function of the bottom lining arrangement or native subsoils present. The cover must meet the following conditions:

* the material should maintain a permeability no greater than 1 x 10-5 cm/s, or equal permeability of any underside liner or natural subsoils there, whichever is less.
* The layer to keep the waste dry must contain at least 45 cm of subsoil material type.
* The erosion control layer must be at least 15 cm of earthen material capable of sustaining native plant development.

Different design can be considered, but must be be of parallel performance as the specifications outlined above. Every covers must remain designed to prevent the “bathtub” effect. The bathtub effect occurs as soon as a more permeable cover is positioned above a less permeable bottom liner or natural subsoil. The landfill subsequently fills up reminiscent of a bathtub.

Technorati Tags: groundwater pollution, landfill design, landfill problems, site, Waste management

Environmentally Friendly Cleaning Options For Your Home

Most cleaning products available these days rely heavily on caustic and toxic chemicals that seriously damage the environment. They often aren't good for your health either.

If you're thinking about not using these harsh chemicals, you could use an equivalent but more environmentally friendly cleaner. There are various options for cleaning your home in a way that’s environmentally friendly. Here are some ideas to consider:

Simple Green. Simple Green is an excellent industrial strength cleaner that happens to carry the Green Seal certification for environmental responsibility. The Green Seal guarantees that a product meets strict standards of environmental stewardship in the way it’s manufactured and used. It also indicates a product that is easily biodegradable. Simple Green is versatile, extremely effective and will clean the toughest jobs. It’s so strong in concentrated form that you may want to dilute it in one or more parts of water. This has the positive benefit of allowing you to control its strength when cleaning more delicate objects. Use it in your bathroom, kitchen, to wash your car, or just about anything else--while being confident you're using a product that won't harm the environment.

Baking Soda. Baking soda has great cleaning, scrubbing and deodorizing properties. It's also environmentally friendly. It has a large number of uses, including many you may not have thought about. In addition to its popular use for removing unpleasant odors from the refrigerator, it can be sprinkled on carpets and rugs to deodorize them. You can sprinkle it on a sponge and clean your counters without fear of scratching them. You can dilute it in water and clean your mop. It's a wonderfully versatile product.

Tea Tree Oil. If you’re attacking mold, there are several natural ways to get rid of it. One of the best is tea tree oil, which has great antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Mix a teaspoon of it with two cups of water, spray it on the affected area and allow to dry. The scent can be very strong, but it will dissipate in a day or two.

Going green often requires sacrifice, but not when it comes to cleaning. You shouldn’t have to put up with toxic chemicals when cleaning your home. You can do a great job with a green cleaner that will spare the environment and won’t put your family’s health at risk.

Technorati Tags: green cleaners, green cleaning, green home

Top 5 Rationales for Biodiesel

There are a lot of reasons to use Biodiesel instead of diesel fuel or other alternative fuels. It is something you should reflect on when you are jaded with the high price of diesel fuel.

Here are five logical reasons that will make you want to use Biodiesel in your auto at once.

Motivation Number One-Biodiesel has considerably less water than fossil fuel

At some point in its processing water will be fused with the fuel. There is a difference in the ratio of water that is put into the fuel that goes into your car. As a rule there is less water compounded with Biodiesel, so you do not end up with this water problem when you use it.

Reason two-Biodiesel is cost effective.

Homemade Biodiesel is an option making it very low cost even when you buy from the pump it will prove cheaper than regular diesel.

Your vehicle will run better with Biodiesel and this means that service and maintenance will cost less.

Reason Three – Biodiesel improves your automobile

Biodiesel has better lubricating properties and burns cleaner. This is the reason that there is less strain on your engine. After a while you will find that you are spending less money because you are not needing repairs and service.

Reason Four – Biodiesel is renewable.

Having a fuel source that will never run out is important. Most people are unaware that our fuel sources are dwindling Many people simply do not realize that the present-day fuel sources are being used upand in time will be gone forever

Once they disappear nobody can bring them back.

Energy sources like Biodiesel, that can be regenerated will never disappear. Biodiesel is created from organic ingredients that can be used over and over again

Reason Five – Biodiesel causes less harm to the environment.

automobile exhaust is one of the biggest contributors to high pollution levels. There are so many automobiles on the road that this fact comes as no surprise. normal fuel produces a great deal of pollution. Few pollutants are emitted from Biodeisel. There is a decreased chance of pollution when you use Biodiesel or a blend of Biodiesel.

This is good for the environment and all the living things that are breathing in the tainted air. Even a small chunk is good to minimize.

Technorati Tags: Biodiesel, Biodiesel fuel

A couch potato’s 10 steps to fight global warming

The Green Effect

During this economic crisis and continued global warming, the need for sustainable development has become a now issue instead of a later issue. Both private and government entities (including the EPA) have come up with programs and products that promote “green” production and consumption. These environment-friendly practices are now being used in numerous firms and industries.

But what about the apartments we rent? Are our homes as “anti global waming” as they should be? Continued efforts to sustain the environment should first and foremost be undertaken under our own roof. These can be done with the use of products that consume less energy and other resources. Over time, the use of these products can result not only in savings but also in the reduction of waste and materials harmful to our homes and the environment.

Here’s a quick list of 10 items I’ve discovered that can make a world of a difference.

1. Heat-energy recovery system

· Sensible Heat Energy Recovery System (SHERS) uses heat generated from an air-conditioner or refrigerator to heat water. Payback period is anywhere from six months to two years

2.The Eco Bio Block

· Made of volcanic stones and beneficial bacteria, is used to purify water in home aquariums, water tanks and big bodies of water such as ponds, lakes and marshes. When used in home aquariums, there is no need to filter, clean and change water for a period of one to three years.

3. Biowash ball

· Washing clothes without using a detergent may seem strange. Introducing the Anabess biowash ball, it’s made of natural ceramics & alters the chemical composition of the water so it can wash clothes more effectively without liquid detergent. It should last 3 years. Think of the savings in gas from running to the store for more detergent.

4. Air-con with inverter technology

· The Panasonic Envio series of air-conditioners makes use of an “inverter technology” that changes compressor operation speed to match a changing room temperature and adjust power output accordingly, which leads to reduced energy consumption of up to 50 percent, while product only costs about 14% more than the average AC. The payback period may be expected in about seven months..

5.Low Flow faucets

Moen has mother natures call for water conservation by coming up with a line of WaterSense-certified bathroom faucets. With the help of new aerator technology these Moen faucets use 30% less water than other models but still feel just as powerful on your hands.

6. Compact fluorescent lamp

· Much has been said about the efficiency of compact fluorescent lamps or CFLs. They last about 5x longer than incandescent lamps and consume 80% less energy with the same level of brightness. Companies such as Purely Products even carry CFLs that double as ionizers for the room, eliminating the need for an unsightly ionizer on the floor.

7.Reusable shopping bags

· The impact of just one person changing to reusable bags over a two-year period is significant. Used twice a week for two years a consumer would save 832 plastic bags from going in a landfill.

8.Biodegradable Cellulose Sandwich bags

· Typical plastic bags are derived from petroleum and take well over a lifespan to decompose. These biodegrade in 1-3 months in soil BUT actually keep food lasting longer, unlike evil plastic, they don’t release gases which spoil food taste.

9.Smart Surge Protector

· Green Home introduced a smart surge protector. The power strip can ’sense’ the flow of electrical current through the strip’s control outlet. This unique option enables the Smart Strip to turn off selected equipment when it’s not in use saving you time & greenbacks!

A small electronic device inside the Smart Strip monitors the current on a single outlet. Let’s say the computer is plugged into that single outlet. When your PC is finished powering off, the current draw from the computer drops to its idle current — and the Smart Strip monitors the current change, automatically powering down all of the computer peripherals.

The Smart Strip Power Strip is the only surge protector on the market today with energy saving electronics. The 10 outlet surge protector version has 1 Control Outlet, 3 Constant Hot Outlets, and 6 Switched Outlets.

10.Compostable Trash Bags

· These BioBags are made from GMO free starch and are 100% biodegradable and 100% compostable.

Now that you know about these products start using them daily. By changing just a few things we use daily, we each can do our part.

Technorati Tags: Climate change, eco-friendly, environment, environmental protection, Global Warming, go green, green, save the earth, save the planet, sustainabillity, the green effect

Is It Really Time to Switch off Central Heating

Within the UK we have had a terrible winter coupled with the strain of the economic crisis. As summer approaches things may begin to look slightly better, or will they?

The reason for stating this is because of one of two reasons as they are listed below:
1) The economic crisis is still going to be around and with that comes headache and stress because more folk are going to be unemployed and struggling to survive.
2) Is the summer really going to be a good summer? As the ozone layer breaks down the UK will begin to suffer from colder winters and summers.

While many folk are getting happy that summer is coming closer because they will be able to go out more and turn on their central heating, they may be a little upset this summer as it is forecast to be a cold and wet one.

There are numerous people that look forward to not making their heating oil suppliers rich this summer, but the country has brought this on its self and nothing seems to be done about the pollution being caused.

1) Cars are now very popular and they are causing a huge amount of damage to the ozone layer.
2) Factories are still burning huge amounts chemicals and again emitting this pollution into the atmosphere.
3) Electricity that is used in our homes is constantly left on, hurting the ozone layer even more then before.

Things are getting worse and the weather is just the start of this all in a couple of years we may well see things such as tornados, hurricanes and Earthquakes be regular pop ups. So let us take a glance at this before it is too late.

For great heating oil prices

Technorati Tags: central heating, petrol, weather

Water – The Worlds Most Precious Resource

Water is one of nature’s most precious gifts and a resource we depend on for our life. Water is essential for everyone. Water is fundamental to all life forms, affecting all ecosystems and the various uses to which it is put. Demand continues to rise rapidly as the worlds population grows – water use per capita also increases. This is fast becoming a serious problem because the supply of water is finite. Only 3% of the worlds water is fresh. Refer to Enviromental technology for more information.

According to the World Health Organization, “safe drinking water is fast becoming the world’s most critical resource and a global concern as more than a billion people worldwide lack access to it”.

Here are a couple of good reasons for their concern:-

=> Unclean water is the second biggest killer of children, claiming more than two million lives annually.
=> drinking water is listed as the Number 4 health hazard in the US. Safe Drinking Water is constantly in the News – politicians would like it to appear safer than it is.

Water is indispensable for human health and well-being. A regular, adequate supply of clean drinking water is one of our essential basic human needs and often a factor in survival. Not only is clean water essential for everyday life, it is essential to economic growth and poverty reduction.

Unfortunately, Water is something we ALL take for granted.

Clean drinking water is one of the world’s most precious resources. Under US Federal law, bottled water is classified as a food product. As is the case in most western countries. Go to enviromental products for more information.

As a result of the way water has been marketed over the years, many consumers believe that, bottled water is safer and healthier than tap water. Why wouldn’t they think that when they have been shown graphic images of how the condition of the once-clean pure water is transformed by the time it travels through the delapitated pipes to our homes.

It is no wonder that in this day and age bottled water is becoming more and more popular. Sure bottled water is convenient, but it is only as safe as its source.

That same marketing has pushed the price of water – “sometimes dramatically” throughout the world to the point where it is more expensive per litre than petrol.

How much water is enough?
The “recommended” daily consumption of water is somewhere around 60-80 ounces, however alternative health care professionals will tell you should be consuming 50% of your total body weight in pounds in ounces. Regardless of the virtual water that you get from your diet. Virtual water is the amount of water that is embedded in food or other products needed for its production.

Water is the safest thing for you to drink. In many ways, water is a miracle liquid. Water is essential to good health, yet needs vary by individual. Although it contains no nutrients, water is a vital component of our diets.

My 2 cents worth
Make no mistake water is the most important liquid in the world and having a supply of safe drinking water is everybody’s business. Visit environmental for more information.

Technorati Tags: Drinking water, Water Resources

Setting Environmental Protection Examples

It is a sad fact but the United States is the number one garbage producing nation in the world. Australia comes in at second with 18 million tons of garbage but that does not compare to what the United States is generating. Sure, more people are recycling and are worried about environmental protection but it is not enough, with just a little over 1/4 of the people actively doing their part. The number of people putting recyclables into recycling bins for pick up and thus keeping them out of landfills is not enough.

It is amazing how simple recycling can be once you know what to do. Your first step is separating your garbage waste from the recyclables. Environmental protection begins at home with you dropping the appropriate trash into its special waste bin. It is that easy. Sometimes there is money involved, as is the case with recycling aluminum cans. You take in a bag filled with cans and you get money back. How great is that?

Many schools and work places are not part of a recycling program. However, if recycling bins were supplied and appropriately labeled for glass, aluminum cans, plastic and paper, then no doubt people would join in the recycling movement and place their garbage in the appropriate containers. Have your employer send out a memo asking them to do so. Lead by example and always do your part. If others see your commitment, then they will likely follow suit.

Make sure you buy recycled goods. This helps recycling industries know that there are people out there who are concerned with the environment. Many of our day-to-day products can be purchased that contain recycled materials. You can buy notebook paper made from recycled paper goods. Many detergent and household cleaning products come in bottles made from recycled plastics. By taking this small step into consumerism you can help further the cause and still have the items you need for your home.

Environmental protection is everyone’s job. It is just a matter of getting the right information and help to more people. Each year, more and more people need to be involved in the recycling trend. If just one person convinced another person to recycle, then eventually this would snowball into thousands, perhaps millions of new recycling advocates. Before long the United States would stop producing so much landfill garbage.

Technorati Tags: aluminum cans, environmental protection, landfills, recyclables, recycled materials, recycling bins, recycling program, reuse recycle

Millions of UK’s Poorest Face Higher Heating Bills in the Name of Going Green

The world has officially gone mad. As we are grinding into the worst economic slump for a century, simple things like heating bills are going up and up.There are also significant health risks for pensioners and low income families. It is they who are in most need of heating during the colder months. But it is exactly these people who are increasingly struggling to heat their homes.

The concept of Renewable Energy has become a buzzword for energy companies and governments in the past decade. It is meant to be the solution to the problems of our world. And who would argue with the idea of saving some money and saving the planet. With this mantra on their lips, they win votes and build wind farms, supposedly for our benefit.

But there’s something fishy about the way the “green energy” issue is used, exemplified by the recent proposal by UK energy secretary Ed Milliband. The plan is called the “Renewable Heating Incentive”, and aims to construct a large number of wind farms and solar energy facilities to reduce reliance on fast depleting and environmentally unfriendly fossil fuel sources. Now you’d think that the responsibility for paying for these developments would land at the feet of global energy giants – but you’d be wrong. It is going to be the bill payer who has to pay for this! The plan aims to charge a levy to energy providers using fossil fuels. The big friendly energy company, however, is planning on paying for this cost by increasing home gas and electric costs.

Gas prices went up by 59% last year, and electricty by 26%. This meant that millions had to think twice about switching on their portable heaters. Going green has been touted as a way for people struggling to pay their bills to lower their costs. However if this idea is brought in it will harm precisely those who are struggling. Essentially what this will mean is that those with more secure and higher incomes will be the ones who can afford to switch to green energy sources for their homes. But if you can’t, and resort to using fan heaters or oil filled radiators to warm your house when the temperatures drop, you’ll be hit with higher energy bills. The same will be true even if you factor in the low interest loans scheme that is supposedly aimed at making it more affordable for people to go greener. It’s unlikely that a family that is already struggling to pay their gas and electic, not to mention interest on existing debts, will be willing to take on more debt, whetever the interest rate may be. If the introduction of university student loans have taught us anything, its that offering low interest loans only make these schemes more appealing to the middle classes.

I ask you, is that right? Surely it would be much better to force energy corporations to give up a small percentage of their enormous profits to pay for this scheme.  This money could then be used to provide green energy refubishment to those on lower incomes who are struggling to pay the bills, so that their bills can be reduced. I would be interested to hear your thoughts on this.

Technorati Tags: alternative fuel, energy companies, environment, gas prices, green energy, green fuel, heating bills, recession, Renewable Energy, Solar Power, stealth tax, uk government

The History Of Water Pollution

Water is life. About 70% of the human body is composed of water. It is necessary for you to drink clean water. Drinking polluted water is not good for you; it can have an bad effects on your entire body. Sickness such diarrhea and cholera can even be fatal for small children. Plants and animals likewise die from being exposed to polluted water. Go to Enviromental technology for more information.

Let us look at a brief history of later pollution, where it came from, and what are the factors that lead to water pollution.

Ancient times
Water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and streams were the source of water to drink during the ancient times. However, it is the same water bodies where human wastes were deposited. Therefore, in rivers became so polluted that the these ancient cultures needed to construct aqueducts in order to obtain clean drinking water.

The main reason for this water pollution was that human waste found its way to rivers and streams. Cesspools likewise found a way to water bodies and made many people ill.

Medieval Times-1800s
During this period most societies had very little idea of what was bad for you and what was detrimental to the environment. Mercury was commonly dumped into the water supply and most human and farm waste was allowed to run freely into lakes and streams. Most people who lived in cities just dumped their waste and garbage into the street. It probably smelled very bad.

During the latter half of this period civilization made many great strides, often to the detriment of the environment. People even ingested chemicals they thought were good for them at the time that we now know are very bad for you, like Radium and Lead.
The Industrial Revolution of the 1800s saw little care for environmental impact for the benefit of industry.

Many chemicals were pumped into the air and rivers. Most people of the day were not concerned with the impact that their inventions had on the environment. In their defense you could say that nobody had ever given much thought to the fact that the human race could even effect the ecology.

After World War II
In addition to pollutants such as human wastes, fertilizers, leather tanning, and butchering wastes, the emergence of industries and technological factories likewise caused ever more severe water pollution problems. Industrial wastes were freely dumped into rivers, lakes, and streams, polluting the water further and causing large amounts of damage to living organisms using those waters.

1969
In the year 1969, after series of fires on the Cuyahoga River, it was learned that the fires are caused by oil slicks and flammable industrial wastes dumped into it! The government then started the studies that let to the enactment of the 1972 Clean

Water Act.
Even with this act, many people are still unaware of how to protect themselves from chemical pollutants and waterborne diseases. Many large scale cleanups have been ongoing for years.

Present Day
Today, water pollution is still an issue many countries and regions face. It is therefore important for you to know the disease causing agents that may find its way to water bodies. By understanding the damage water pollution can do to your body, you may try to avoid water contamination in your own way. Refer to enviromental products for more information.

Water Pollutants
Human wastes, household chemicals, fertilizers, garbage and industrial by-products are the most major water pollutants. You can help avoid them finding their way to the water you drink by learning how to dispose of them properly or avoiding their use altogether.

Other contaminants include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasites. These contaminants may be caused by human activities (like large scale farming) but there are some other sources in the environment. Tainted water such as this can cause extreme health problems. If you can ensure that the water in your community is clean by avoiding its contamination, you can help avoid bacteria and viruses reaching the water bodies.

Decomposing bacteria are likewise dangerous in large quantities because they will deplete the oxygen level of the water. This is often caused by fertilizer run-off in the form of phosphates and nitrates. The fertilizer causes blooms of algae and when the algae die they decompose.

As they rot the bacteria depletes the oxygen in the water and this often kills fish. If it can kill a fish, how do you think a small child can fight these pollutants if they enter his body?
Acids, salts and toxic metals can pollute the water extensively, making it unfit to drink. Batteries, computer parts and industrial chemicals like PCBs are some of the culprits.

These pollutants are fatal to all animals and most plants. They typically cause internal organs, such as your liver and brain, to fail work properly.
If you cannot access clean drinking water, you and your family will be at risk to diseases and other problems. Help avoid water pollution by learning to respect the environment.

Properly dispose of chemicals, whether household chemicals or industrial chemicals. Being conscious about the environment can save the life of your family and many other people in the world. Do your part in avoiding water pollution so you, your family and everyone else can live a healthy life. Visit environmental for more information.

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Technorati Tags: Cuyahoga River, Water pollution, Water supply

Understanding the ABC of Carbon Offsets

We understand carbon offsetting as the procedure of curbing greenhouse gas emissions through particular projects to offset the impact of harmful gases emitted in the past. The motivation behind buying carbon offsets is to balance those emissions that we are unable to prevent during the course of our daily lives. If someone generates emissions when another sustainable alternate is available, it is usually frowned upon by eco-conscious people. For ease, one offset is measured as the reduction of one metric ton of carbon dioxide.

Several European countries have made nationwide legislations that permit businesses to emit up to a particular volume of emissions. If a business releases more than the assigned limit, it needs to buy carbon offsets to settle the equation. While this compulsory necessity to sustain a low carbon footprint is the main driver of offset trading, there is also a smaller voluntary marketplace. People who are eco-conscious buy offsets to decrease their personal carbon footprint even though they are not required by law to do this.

In simple words, the demand for carbon offsets is largely driven by environmental regulations on official state level and then by eco-conscious people feeling guilt when they release greenhouse gases. But how are carbon offsets ‘manufactured’? Companies that offer you offsets typically buy them from large projects carried out to cut GHG emissions anywhere in the world. Genuine projects ensure that the overall emissions released on earth get controlled so the exact site of these projects is not a big concern.

Greenhouse gases blend into the atmosphere and spread all over the earth rapidly; it doesn’t make any difference in the long run if you emit CO2 in United States, Asia or Europe as the overall effect will be the same for the global environment in each case. For the same reason, many carbon credit projects are set up in China even though majority of carbon credit buyers are located in Europe and North America. Because everything from labor to construction materials is cheaper in developing cities, the final cost of producing one carbon offset is considerably less if compared with European nations.

This small article won’t enter the debate of carbon offset scams. It’s sufficient to say here that carbon offsetting does help the planet if done according to established standards.

Technorati Tags: Carbon offset, Carbon Offsets, CarbonFootprint, environment, Greenhouse gas

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